WORK STUDY
DEFINITION: WORK STUDY MAY BE
DEFINED AS THE ANALYSIS OF A JOB FOR THE PURPOSE OF FINDING THE PREFERRED
METHOD OF DOING IT AND ALSO DETERMINING THE STANDARD TIME TO PERFORM IT BY THE
PREFERRED (OR GIVEN) METHOD. WORK STUDY, THEREFORE, COMPRISES OF TWO AREAS OF
STUDY: METHOD STUDY (MOTION STUDY) AND TIME STUDY (WORK MEASUREMENT).
ROLE
OF WORK STUDY IN IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY
IN
ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF WORK STUDY, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF
METHOD STUDY AND THAT OF TIME STUDY.
METHOD
STUDY (ALSO SOMETIMES CALLED WORK METHOD DESIGN) IS MOSTLY USED TO IMPROVE THE
METHOD OF DOING WORK. IT IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO NEW JOBS. WHEN APPLIED TO
EXISTING JOBS AND EXISTING JOBS, METHOD STUDY AIMS TO FIND BETTER METHODS OF
DOING THE JOBS THAT ARE ECONOMICAL AND SAFE, REQUIRE LESS HUMAN EFFORT, AND
NEED SHORTER MAKE-READY / PUT-AWAY TIME. THE BETTER METHOD INVOLVES THE OPTIMUM
USE OF BEST MATERIALS AND APPROPRIATE MANPOWER SO THAT WORK IS PERFORMED IN
WELL ORGANIZED MANNER LEADING TO INCREASED RESOURCE UTILIZATION, BETTER QUALITY
AND LOWER COSTS.
IT
CAN THEREFORE BE STATED THAT THROUGH METHOD STUDY WE HAVE A SYSTEMATIC WAY OF
DEVELOPING HUMAN RESOURCE EFFECTIVENESS, PROVIDING HIGH MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT
UTILIZATION, AND MAKING ECONOMICAL USE OF MATERIALS.
TIME
STUDY,
ON THE OTHER HAND, PROVIDES THE STANDARD TIME, THAT IS THE TIME NEEDED BY
WORKER TO COMPLETE A JOB BY THE STANDARD METHOD. STANDARD TIMES
FOR DIFFERENT
JOBS ARE NECESSARY FOR PROPER ESTIMATION OF
·
MANPOWER,
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
·
DAILY,
WEEKLY OR MONTHLY REQUIREMENT OF MATERIALS
·
PRODUCTION
COST PER UNIT AS AN INPUT TO BETTER MAKE OR BUY DECISION
·
LABOR
BUDGETS
·
WORKER'S
EFFICIENCY AND MAKE INCENTIVE WAGE PAYMENTS.
BY
THE APPLICATION OF METHOD STUDY AND TIME STUDY IN ANY ORGANIZATION, WE CAN THUS
ACHIEVE GREATER OUTPUT AT LESS COST AND OF BETTER QUALITY, AND HENCE ACHIEVE
HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY.
WORK
STUDY AND ERGONOMICS
THE
WORK STUDY AND THE ERGONOMICS ARE THE TWO AREAS OF STUDY HAVING THE SAME
OBJECTIVE: DESIGN THE WORK SYSTEM SO THAT FOR THE OPERATOR IT IS SAFE, AND THE
WORK IS LESS FATIGUING AND LESS TIME TAKING.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
THE
WORK OF TAYLOR:
TAYLOR
BEGAN HIS TIME STUDY WORK IN 1881 WHILE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MIDVALE STEEL
COMPANY IN U.S.A. HE EVOLVED A SYSTEM BASED ON THE “TASK”, AND PROPOSED THAT
THE WORK OF EACH EMPLOYEE BE PLANNED OUT BY THE MANAGEMENT IN ADVANCE. EACH JOB
WAS TO HAVE A STANDARD TIME, DETER MINED BY TIME STUDIES MADE BY EXPERTS. IN
THE TIMING PROCESS, TAYLOR ADVOCATED DIVIDING THE WORK INTO SMALL DIVISIONS OF
EFFORT KNOWN AS "ELE MENTS." EXPERTS WERE TO TIME THESE INDIVIDUALLY
AND USE THEIR COLLECTIVE VALUES TO DETERMINE THE ALLOWED TIME FOR THE TASK.
EARLY
PRESENTATIONS OF TAYLOR 'S FINDINGS WERE RECEIVED WITH LITTLE ENTHUSIASM,
BECAUSE MANY INTERPRETED HIS FINDINGS TO BE SOMEWHAT NEW PIECE-RATE SYSTEM
RATHER THAN A TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING WORK AND IMPROVING METHODS. BOTH MANAGEMENT
AND EMPLOYEES WERE SKEPTICAL OF PIECE RATES, BECAUSE MANY STANDARDS WERE
EARLIER TYPICALLY BASED ON THE SUPERVISOR'S GUESS OR EVEN SOMETIMES INFLATED BY
BOSSES TO PROTECT THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR DEPARTMENTS.
IN
JUNE 1903, AT THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS MEETING, TAYLOR
PRESENTED HIS FAMOUS PAPER, "SHOP MANAGEMENT," WHICH INCLUDED THE
ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT: TIME STUDY, STANDARDIZATION OF ALL TOOLS AND
TASKS, USE OF A PLANNING DEPARTMENT, USE OF SLIDE RULE AND SIMILAR TIMESAVING
IMPLEMENTS, INSTRUCTION CARDS FOR WORKERS, BONUSES FOR SUCCESSFUL PER
FORMANCE, DIFFERENTIAL RATES, MNEMONIC SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING PRODUCTS,
ROUTING SYSTEMS, AND MODERN COST SYSTEMS. TAYLOR 'S TECHNIQUES WERE WELL
RECEIVED BY MANY FACTORY MANAGERS, AND BY 1917, OF 113 PLANTS THAT HAD
INSTALLED "SCIENTIFIC MANAGE MENT," 59 CONSIDERED THEIR
INSTALLATIONS COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL, 20 PARTLY SUCCESSFUL, AND 34 FAILURES.
IN
1898, WHILE AT THE BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY, TAYLOR CARRIED OUT THE
PIG-IRON EXPERIMENT THAT BECAME THE MOST CELEBRATED DEMONSTRATIONS OF HIS
PRINCIPLES. HE ESTABLISHED THE CORRECT METHOD, ALONG WITH FINANCIAL INCENTIVES,
AND WORKERS CARRYING 92-POUND PIGS OF IRON UP A RAMP ONTO A FREIGHT CAR WERE ABLE
TO INCREASE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY FROM AN AVERAGE OF 12.5 TONS PER DAY TO BETWEEN
47 AND 48 TONS PER DAY. THIS WORK WAS PERFORMED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE DAILY
RATE OF $1.15 TO $1.85. TAYLOR CLAIMED THAT WORKMEN PER FORMED AT THE HIGHER
RATE "WITHOUT BRINGING ON A STRIKE AMONG THE MEN, WITHOUT ANY QUARREL WITH
THE MEN AND WERE HAPPIER AND BETTER CONTENTED."
ANOTHER
OF TAYLOR 'S BETHLEHEM STEEL STUDIES THAT BECAME FAMOUS WAS ON SHOVEL ING
WORK. WORKERS WHO SHOVELED AT BETHLEHEM WOULD USE THE SAME SHOVEL FOR ANY
JOB—LIFTING HEAVY IRON ORE TO LIFTING LIGHT RICE COAL. TAYLOR DESIGNED SHOVELS
TO FIT THE DIFFERENT LOADS: SHORT- HANDLED SHOVELS FOR IRON ORE, LONG-HANDLED
SCOOPS FOR LIGHT RICE COAL, AND SHOWED THEIR USEFULNESS IN IMPROVING
PRODUCTIVITY.
NOT
AS WELL KNOWN AS HIS ENGINEERING CONTRIBUTIONS IS THE FACT THAT IN 1881, HE WAS
A U.S. TENNIS DOUBLES CHAMPION. HERE HE USED AN ODD-LOOKING RACKET HE HAD
DESIGNED WITH A SPOON CURVED HANDLE.
THE
WORK OF OTHER’S
CARL
G. BARTH, AN ASSOCIATE OF FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, DEVELOPED A PRODUCTION SLIDE
RULE FOR ESTIMATING THE MOST EFFICIENT COMBINATIONS OF SPEEDS AND FEEDS FOR
CUTTING METALS OF VARIOUS HARNESSES, CONSIDERING THE DEPTH OF CUT, SIZE OF
TOOL, AND LIFE OF THE TOOL. HE IS ALSO KNOWN FOR HIS WORK ON ESTIMATION OF
ALLOWANCES BY ESTABLISHING THE NUMBER OF FOOT-POUNDS OF WORK A WORKER COULD DO
IN A DAY. HE DEVELOPED A RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH A CERTAIN PUSH OR PULL ON A
WORKER'S ARMS WAS EQUATED WITH THE AMOUNT OR WEIGHT THAT WORKER COULD HANDLE
FOR A CERTAIN PERCENTAGE OF THE DAY.
HARRINGTON
EMERSON APPLIED SCIENTIFIC METHODS TO WORK ON THE SANTA FE RAILROAD AND WROTE A
BOOK, TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF EFFICIENCY, IN WHICH HE MADE AN ATTEMPT TO
LAY DOWN PROCEDURES FOR EFFICIENT OPERATION. HE REORGANIZED THE COMPANY,
INTEGRATED ITS SHOP PROCEDURES, INSTALLED STANDARD COSTS AND A BONUS PLAN, AND
INTRODUCED HOLLERITH TABULATING MACHINES FOR THE ACCOUNTING WORK. THIS EFFORT
RESULTED IN ANNUAL SAVING OF $ 1.5 MILLION AND RECOGNITION OF HIS APPROACH,
CALLED EFFICIENCY ENGINEERING.
IN
1917, HENRY LAURENCE GANTT DEVELOPED SIMPLE GRAPH THAT WOULD PRESENT
PERFORMANCE WHILE VISUALLY SHOWING PROJECTED SCHEDULES. THIS PRODUCTION CONTROL
TOOL WAS ADOPTED BY THE SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY DURING WORLD WAR I. FOR THE FIRST
TIME, THIS TOOL DEMONSTRATED THE POSSIBILITY OF COMPARING ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
AGAINST THE ORIGINAL PLAN, AND TO ADJUST DAILY SCHEDULES IN ACCORDANCE WITH
CAPACITY, BACK LOG, AND CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS. GANTT IS ALSO KNOWN FOR HIS
WAGE PAYMENT SYSTEM THAT REWARDED WORKERS FOR ABOVE-STANDARD PERFORMANCE,
ELIMINATED ANY PENALTY FOR FAILURE, AND OFFERED THE BOSS A BONUS FOR EVERY
WORKER WHO PER FORMED ABOVE .STANDARD. GANTT ADVOCATED HUMAN RELATIONS AND
PROMOTED SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT IN THE BACK DROP OF AN INHUMAN
"SPEEDUP" OF LABOR.
MOTION
AND TIME STUDY RECEIVED ADDED STIMULUS DURING WORLD WAR II WHEN FRANKLIN D.
ROOSEVELT, THROUGH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, ATTEMPTED TO ESTABLISH
STANDARDS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION. THE STATED POLICY ADVOCATED GREATER PAY
FOR GREATER OUTPUT BUT WITHOUT AN INCREASE IN UNIT LABOR COSTS, INCENTIVE
SCHEMES TO BE COLLECTIVELY BARGAINED BETWEEN LABOR AND MANAGEMENT, AND THE USE
OF TIME STUDY FOR SETTING PRODUCTION STANDARDS.
METHOD STUDY
METHOD
STUDY, AIMS TO ACHIEVE THE BETTER METHOD OF DOING WORK AND FOR THIS REASON
METHOD STUDY IS SOMETIMES CALLED WORK METHOD DESIGN.
DEFINITION: METHOD STUDY CAN BE
DEFINED AS THE PROCEDURE FOR SYSTEMATIC RECORDING, ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL
EXAMINATION OF EXISTING OR PROPOSED METHOD OF DOING WORK FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEVELOPMENT
AND APPLICATION OF EASIER AND MORE EFFECTIVE METHOD.
METHOD
STUDY PROCEDURE
THE
FOLLOWING GENERAL STEPS DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE FOR MAKING A METHOD STUDY.
SELECT
THE JOB – ON WHICH METHOD STUDY IS TO BE APPLIED.
OBTAIN
INFORMATION AND RECORD.
EXAMINE
THE INFORMATION CRITICALLY.
DEVELOP
THE MOST PRACTICAL, ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE METHOD BY CONSIDERING REAL
LIMITATIONS OF THE SITUATION.
INSTALL
THE NEW METHOD AS STANDARD PRACTICE.
MAINTAIN
THE STANDARD PRACTICE BY REGULAR FOLLOW UP.
LET
US CONSIDER THESE STEPS IN SOME DETAIL.
SELECTION
OF JOB FOR METHOD STUDY
PRACTICALLY,
ANY ACTIVITY OR A JOB IS POTENTIAL PROJECT FOR IMPROVEMENT BUT AS THE WORK
STUDY ENGINEER IS TO SELL HIS IDEAS AND MAINTAIN HIS EXISTENCE IN THE
ORGANISATION, HE SHOULD ALWAYS ATTEMPT TO SELECT THOSE JOBS FOR IMPROVEMENT
WHICH ARE UNPOPULAR AMONG EMPLOYEES OR ARE CONSIDERED “DIRTY” BY THEM.
BY
IMPROVING SUCH JOBS, HE WOULD EARN GOODWILL FROM THE EMPLOYEES AS WELL AS THE
MANAGEMENT, AND CAN EXPECT THEIR FULL COOPERATION FOR OTHER STUDIES IN THE
FUTURE.
CONSIDERATIONS
MAY BE GIVEN TO THE FOLLOWING FACTORS WHILE SELECTING A JOB FOR METHOD STUDY
·
ECONOMIC
FACTORS
·
TECHNICAL
FACTORS
·
HUMAN
FACTORS
ECONOMIC
FACTORS:
IF
THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF A JOB IS SMALL, IT IS NOT WISE TO START OR CONTINUE
A LONG STUDY. PRIORITIES SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THOSE TYPES OF JOB WHICH OFFER
GREATER POTENTIAL FOR COST REDUCTION. SUCH JOBS ARE EASILY IDENTIFIABLE, AS
THEY HAVE
·
HIGH
LABOUR CONTENT, I.E. THEY CONSUME MORE TIME
·
EXCESSIVE
MACHINE OR MAN IDLENESS
·
HIGHER
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE, I.E. THEY HAVE LARGE DEMAND
·
BOTTLENECKS
IN PRODUCTION LINE
·
HIGHER
PROPORTION OF ACCIDENTS
·
MOVEMENT
OF MATERIAL OR MEN OVER LONG DISTANCE
·
HIGH
SCRAP AND REPROCESSING COSTS
·
HIGH
PAYMENT OF OVERTIME BILLS.
TECHNICAL
FACTORS: THE
METHOD STUDY ENGINEER MUST HAVE THE NECESSARY TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE JOB
TO BE STUDIED. ONLY SURFACE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE SUBJECT MAY NOT LEAD TO THE
RIGHT SOLUTION TO THE REAL PROBLEM. TO ILLUSTRATE, CONSIDER THAT A PARTICULAR
MACHINE TOOL IN PROVING BOTTLENECK. THE OUTPUT FROM THIS MACHINE IS NOT
REACHING THE ASSEMBLY LINE IN THE REQUIRED QUANTITY. THROUGH A PRELIMINARY
STUDY, IT IS FOUND THAT IT IS RUNNING AT LOWER SPEED AND FEED THAN THAT
RECOMMENDED FOR THE PAIR OF WORK AND TOOL MATERIAL USED. JUST INCREASE IN SPEED
OR FEED MAY NOT BE THE SOLUTION OF THIS PROBLEM. IT MAY BE POSSIBLE THAT THE
MACHINE ITSELF IS NOT RIGID ENOUGH TO OPERATE AT HIGHER SPEEDS OR TAKE A DEEPER
CUT. JUST INCREASE IN SPEED MAY INCREASE THE OUTPUT BUT THE QUALITY OF JOB MAY
BE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED. TECHNICAL EXPERTISE IN MACHINE TOOLS AND METAL CUTTING
PROCESS WOULD BE ESSENTIAL TO SOLVE PROBLEM OF THIS KIND.
HUMAN
FACTORS: EMOTIONAL
REACTION OF THE WORKERS TO THE METHOD STUDY AND CHANGES IN METHOD ARE IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS. IF THE STUDY OF A PARTICULAR JOB IS SUSPECTED TO CAUSE UNREST
OR ILL FEELING, IT SHOULD NOT BE UNDERTAKEN, HOWEVER USEFUL IT MAY BE FROM THE
ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW. IT IS ALWAYS BETTER TO TAKE UP FIRST THOSE JOBS WHICH
ARE CONSIDERED ‘DIRTY', UNSAFE, UNPLEASANT, BORING, OR HIGHLY FATIGUING, AND
IMPROVEMENTS BROUGHT ABOUT AS A RESULT OF METHOD STUDY. THIS WOULD POSSIBLY
ENSURE COOPERATIVE FROM THE WORKERS FOR THE OTHER JOBS AS WELL.
AFTER
IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT A PROBLEM EXISTS, THE FIRST STEP IS TO PROPERLY FORMULATE
IT. FROM THE GENERAL STATEMENTS LIKE “COSTS ARE TOO HIGH“, “INCREASE THE
PRODUCTION”, “REDUCE SHOP FLOOR ACCIDENTS”, IT IS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE JUST
WHAT THE REAL PROBLEM IS. AFTER IT IS ASCERTAINED THAT THE PROBLEM MERITS
CONSIDERATION, IT IS DECIDED WHETHER THIS IS THE PROPER TIME TO SOLVE IT, AND
HOW MUCH TIME CAN BE SPENT IN SOLVING IT. THE PROBLEM MAY THEN BE DEFINED
BROADLY GIVING MINIMUM CONSTRAINTS AT THIS STAGE, AS IT WILL PERMIT THE USE OF
IMAGINATION AND CREATIVITY IN FINDING A SOLUTION. IT MAY SOMETIMES BE DESIRABLE
TO DIVIDE THE COMPLETE PROBLEM INTO A COUPLE OF SMALL PROBLEMS AND SOLVE THEM.
A
FLOW PROCESS CHART SHOWS A COMPLETE PROCESS IN TERMS OF ALL THE ELEMENTS
OF WORK.
THE
PRODUCT TYPE RECORDS THE DETAILS OF THE EVENTS THAT OCCUR TO A PRODUCT OR
MATERIAL, WHILE THE OPERATOR FLOW CHART DETAILS HOW A PERSON PERFORMS AN
OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE.
AN
IMPORTANT AND VALUABLE FEATURE OF THIS CHART IS ITS RECORDING OF NON-PRODUCTIVE
HIDDEN COSTS, SUCH AS DELAYS, TEMPORARY STORAGES, UNNECESSARY INSPECTIONS, AND
UNNECESSARY LONG DISTANCES TRAVELED. WHEN THE TIME SPENT ON THESE NON
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES IS HIGHLIGHTED, ANALYST CAN TAKE STEPS TO MINIMIZE IT AND
THUS REDUCE COSTS.
OPERATOR
PROCESS CHART: IT
IS ALSO CALLED LEFT HAND – RIGHT HAND CHART AND SHOWS THE ACTIVITIES OF HANDS
OF THE OPERATOR WHILE PERFORMING A TASK. IT USES FOUR ELEMENTS OF HAND WORK:
OPERATION, DELAY (WAIT), MOVE AND HOLD. ITS MAIN ADVANTAGE LIES IN HIGHLIGHTING
UN-PRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS SUCH AS UNNECESSARY DELAY AND HOLD SO THAT ANALYST CAN
TAKE MEASURES TO ELIMINATE OR SHORTEN THEM.
ie must
ReplyDeletethanks for giving this useful information.Aluminium Scaffolding For Sales
ReplyDelete